Galileo Galilei Essays (945 words) - Galileo Galilei, Galileo Affair

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy. Galileo was the first of seven children of Vincenzio Galilei, a trader and Giula Ammannati, an upper-class woman who married below her class. When Galileo was a young boy, his father moved the family moved to Florence. Galileo moved into a nearby monastery with the intentions of becoming a monk, but he left the monastery when he was 15 because his father disapproved of his son becoming a monk. In November of 1581, Vincenzio Galilei had Galileo enrolled in the University of Pisa School of Medicine because he wanted his son to become a doctor to carry on the family fortune. Vincenzio thought that Galileo should be able to provide for the family when he died, and his sister would need a dowry soon. Galileo had other plans, and in early 1583 he began spending his time with the mathematics professors instead of the medical ones. When his father learned of this, he was furious and traveled 60 miles from Florence to Pisa just to confront his son with the knowledge that he had been "neglecting his studies." The grand duke's mathematician intervened and persuaded Vincenzio to allow Galileo to study mathematics on the condition that after one year, all of Galileo's support would be cut off and he was on his own. In the spring of 1585, Galileo skipped his final exams and left the university without a degree. He began finding work as a math tutor. In November of 1589, Galileo found a position as a professor of mathematics at the university of Pisa, the same one he had left without a degree four years before. Galileo was a brilliant teacher, but his radical ways of thinking and open criticism of Aristotle's teachings were not acceptable to the other professors at the university. They felt that he was too radical and that his teachings were not suitable. In 1592, his three-year contract was not renewed. 1n 1592, he landed a job teaching mathematics at the University of Padua with the help of some aristocratic friends. After his father's death, Galileo supported many relatives (including his brother Michelangelo and his family) and the sum of money he earned as a professor was not nearly enough. He began to tutor on the side to make extra money, including Prince Cosimo, the son of Grand Duchess Christine of Tuscany, which helped Galileo with some of his financial problems. This was also the year that Galileo met Marina Gamba, whom he never married but had three children with. In 1604, Galileo's belief he had found a new star - and his conclusion that the Earth was moving- began causing him problems. The Roman Catholic Church was uneasy about this declaration that they were wrong. The Church believed that all the planetary bodies were formed at the beginning of Creation, and that new stars were impossible. In 1609, Galileo heard of a "spyglass" that had been developed in Holland and quickly constructed one himself - the first telescope of twenty times magnification. Galileo presented the telescope to the senate of Venice in August of 1609, who were so impressed they doubled his salary and gave him a permanent job at the University of Padua. Galileo used his new device to observe the heavens. He found that the popular belief that the moon was completely smooth was incorrect; for he could see the craters and mountains with his new device. In 1610, he observed four bodies around Jupiter which he concluded to be moons. This was incredible proof against the theory of the time that the earth was the center of the solar system because it was believed that all the planets and our moon revolved around the earth. Since these four bodies apparently circled Jupiter, this theory was put in question. Also through his telescope, Galileo observed that the Milky Way was made up of thousands of stars and that could not be seen with the naked eye. After observing Earth's moon and then finding the four moons of Jupiter though his new device, he began to declare that the findings of Aristotle and Ptolemy were wrong. Galileo believed that the geocentric model was incorrect. Through lectures and writings, Galileo said that Copernicus was right - that the earth moved around the sun. Galileo's enemies took this declaration and used it against him. They went to the Vatican in Rome and said that these ideas were heresy, because they went against the beliefs of the Church. Of course,

Minmi - Facts and Figures

Minmi - Facts and Figures Name: Minmi (after Minmi Crossing in Australia); pronounced MIN-mee Habitat: Woodlands of Australia Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 500-1,000 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Unusually small brain; primitive armor on back and belly About Minmi Minmi was an unusually small, and unusually primitive, ankylosaur (armored dinosaur) from middle Cretaceous Australia. This plant-eaters armor was rudimentary compared to that of later, more famous genera like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus, consisting of horizontal bony plates running along the sides of its backbone, a noticeable thickening on its belly, and spiky protrusions at the end of its long tail. Minmi also had an unusually small, narrow head, which has led some paleontologists to speculate that its encephalization quotient (the comparative size of its brain to the rest of its body) was lower than that of other dinosaurs of its timeand considering how stupid the average ankylosaur was, thats not much of a compliment. (Needless to say, the dinosaur Minmi shouldnt be confused with the Japanese-born, Caribbean-style singer Minmi, or even Mini-Me from the Austin Powers movies, who are both presumably much more intelligent!) Until recently, Minmi was the only known ankylosaur from Australia. That all changed at the end of 2015, when a team from the University of Queensland re-examined a supposed second Minmi fossil specimen (discovered in 1989) and determined that it actually belonged to an entirely new ankylosaur genus, which they dubbed Kunbarrasaurus, Aboriginal and Greek for shield lizard. Kunbarrasaurus appears to be one of the earliest known ankylosaurs, dating to the same middle Cretaceous time frame as Minmi, and given its relatively light coating of armor, it seems to have only recently evolved from the last common ancestor of both stegosaurs and ankylosaurs. Its closest relative was the western European Scelidosaurus, a clue to the different arrangement of the earths continents during the early Mesozoic Era.

Planning Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Planning Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 - Essay Example Also, it helps in substantiating the pros and con's involved. Through this research, other important factors will be pointed out and discussed as well. 2 An example of one of the con's of this new plan is related to the extra expense taxpayers will possibly have to bear. Funding has to come from somewhere and though it can be found in many government structures, many times the taxpayers are often the ones left with the brunt of the costs through various taxation implementations. From here the studied research will move on into how it can possibly provide a pro benefit for claimants of land and property with regard to various executions by the government for claiming land in developing. Relief compensation can sometimes be provided. There is an implied con to this as well though. Taxation falls onto the owners of land as well and sometimes the compensation they receive from the Government for entitlement to utilize their property is eaten away by taxation in capital and local forms. S o with this initial information presented thus far, this research will attempt to verify who it will be that will struggle the most (which is seeming to be taxpayers) and who will reap the most reward out of this new legislative act. All of this will be presented with a steadfast focus on the earth and the natural balance of the environment. RUNNING HEAD: THE NEW PLANNING COMPULSORY AND PURCHASE ACT OF 2004 As has been stated, there are a multitude of varying views with regards to the new Planning Compulsory Purchase Act of 2004. There are also quite a number of pro's associated and some con's as well, mainly the cons falling into an area of delay with construction and expansion procedures. The Governments' intention is to have the developers understand that, by this implementation of new developmental structure, taking the place of the old one, they will have more capabilities of deciding factors, of their own accord. The Government claims that this new plan will allow for speedier expediting in the decision making process within the areas of growth, development, and expansion (The Journal 2004, p.1). On the flip side of the issue, there are those who tend to think it will create a hindrance with regard to significant delays due to secondary legislation protocols whilst including other delaying issues as well (Johnson 2004, p.1). In expanding upon this view, it takes the approval of subsidiary legislation to provide the equipment and to locate funding necessary to create many of the developmental reforms being anticipated. The delays could occur due to the fact that quite a few of the implemented ideas for this new Act are still awaiting approval. One of these happens to be an alternative plan to fulfill the spot where the old agreement in Section 106 was. 3 The new idea involves a planning tariff implementation that has not been put into action as yet. Unfortunately, this idea will more than likely, not take place this year which could create some misconceptions in regards to claimants and permission to develop on their

Signs of American Life (McDonald's Restaurants) Essay

Signs of American Life (McDonald's Restaurants) - Essay Example A country's culture can be judged by many things, such as its language, films, drama, literature and of course, its cuisine. Although there are many regional variations of its cuisine, the single most visible form of American culture as exemplified by its cuisine is its fast foods. Fast food service restaurants are invented in America and McDonald's is its foremost example that combines the can-do spirit, its stringent individualistic attitudes towards life in general; a hurried pace of life, such that even eating is hurried and harried. In old Europe, eating is done in a leisurely manner as shown in its fine dining establishments but in America, it is different. A general mood is do things quickly in order to achieve material things in life and get ahead. Alexis de Tocqueville hit it on the right spot to have observed this restlessness in Americans; a general tendency to acquire material things that lead to disillusionment, disquiet, unhappiness and an unstated feeling of getting le ft behind by the faster, next fellow. (Tocqueville 1). Long before the term â€Å"keeping up with the Joneses† was coined or invented, Alexis de Tocqueville had already put it succinctly what one single trait to describe the Americans. In his statement, â€Å"it is strange to see with what feverish ardor the Americans pursue their own welfare; and to watch the vague dread that constantly torments them lest they should not have chosen the shortest path which may lead to it† in which an observer gets the impression most Americans are always outdoing each other, not wasting even a single moment by eating fast. Instant coffee, instant meals and instant gratification are exemplified by McDonald's Restaurants in which a customer can order a quick bite and have it within a matter of minutes. McDonald's has been immensely successful because it catered to this American trait of having everything at once, not a minute longer than necessary. People who are always on the go who ne ed a quick bite can hop into any McDonald's outlet and expect to be served very

Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Questions and Answers - Essay Example This is influenced after he suspects that Cassio was given the post, by reasons of Desdemona’s friendship, and because he interfered with the relationship between Cassio and Desdemona (Shakespeare, 2001). He wishes to stop the wedding of the two, with the help of Rodirego if it is not to late to do so. This marks the end of a warm freindship between Othello and Lago. This leaves Lagos name tarshished, from being an honest man, to the mortal enemy of Moor. His former friend Moor who is regarded noble and attains the highest military position. Roderigo serves as a secondary antagonist in the play. He is a Venetian desperately lusting but a declined Desdemona. In a dramatic persona, Roderigo is described as a dupe, a gull or an easy target. To pave way to Desdemona’s bed, Roderigo opens his handbag to Lago in the wrong belief that lago will help him (Shakespeare, 2001). At the very beginning, he alerts Brabantio that Desdemona has run away with Moor. Raderigo is hurt badly by lago, after the killing of Michael runs amiss. He is injured in the attempt of failing to kill Cassio. He is then stabbed and left to die, by Lago however later it is known that he had left letters telling the truth about Lagos plans. Moor is a term used to refer to someone or anyone who is either Arab or African. It is a Muslims region, which is half-Christian and half Muslim. Varied on the theme of racism, Moor as referred in the story, Shakespeare, is dark skin, and is discriminated in a big way by Montano. He seeks to revenge with the help of Lago, who he asks to give services to Montano, to get a grip to revenge. In a net of lies, Lago manipulates other characters in the name revenge (Shakespeare, 2001). The sense that they think Lago is honest; he achieves a chance to manipulate them all. The play fits tragedy in that; Shakespeare is searching for a particular tragedy to cover for the many tragedies. Shakespeare is influence, by the fact

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay

Literature Review Of Nocturnal Enuresis Health And Social Care Essay Review of literature is an essential activity of scientific research project. It helps to familiarise with the practical issue related to the problem and enable the researcher to strengthen the study which helps to reveal the prevailing situation of the similar study. The reviewed literature for this study is presented in the following sections. 2.1 Prevalence and contributing factors of nocturnal enuresis 2.2 Management of nocturnal enuresis 2.1 Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Nocturnal Enuresis: A cross sectional study was conducted on prevalence and risk factors of mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in school children of Ankara. Among 15150 children, 9% children had mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis.it was found that Frequency was higher in boys than girls. Analysis revealed that gender, toilet training methods , problems of sleep, school performance, and approach of the family members to such children are significant factors. Age, male gender, experience of toilet training with threatening methods, deep sleep, sleep walking,and introverted and shy behavior were significantly increased the risk of nocturnal enuresis (Secil Ozkan, et al., 2010). An epidemiological cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children 5-14 years in Sudan, 218 children were involved in the study and out of that 33.5% children were found to have nocturnal enuresis. Frequency was high among girls than boys and the prevalence of bedwetting decrease as the age of the child increased from 13.3% at 5-7 years of age to 2-3% at 12-14 years ( Magdi, A. H., 2010). A prevalence study was conducted in Eastern Croatia to establish the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in 6-7 year old child. Factors associated with nocturnal enuresis and parental perception were also evaluated. Parents of 3011 children were included in the study. The prevalence rate is 1.2% and it is significantly more in boys than girls. 68.6% of children had the family history of nocturnal enuresis and only 17.1% of parents expressed some concern about problem on childs future development(Miskulin, M. et al.,2010). A cross sectional study conducted in southeast of Turkey to study the epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children revealed that the overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 14.9%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis declined with age. Of the 6 year old children 33.3% had the problem, while the ratio was 2.6% for 15 years-olds. There was no significant difference in prevalence of nocturnal enuresis between boys and girls. Enuresis was reported as 18.5% among children attending day time school and among those 11.5% attending boarding school .Prevalence of enuresis was increased in children who are living in villages, with low income families and who are having positive family history of nocturnal enuresis. After multivariate analysis, history of urinary tract infection, age, low monthly income and family history of enuresis were factors associated with enuresis. 46.4% of parents and 57.1% of enuretic children were signific antly concerned about the impact of enuresis (Ali Gunes, Gulsen Gunes, Yasemin Acik and Adem Akilli, 2009). A descriptive questionnaire based study was done in Africa to evaluate the quality of life and sleep quality and the association between the parameters in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. 71 children in the age group of 6-15 years were included in the study and it was found that as age of the child and the duration of the problem increases, self esteem, physical wellbeing and friend domains worsens (Ertan,P et al, 2009). A two-stage mental health survey was conducted among 5000 urban children to examine the association between enuresis and psychopathology in urban Ethiopian children. It was found that male sex, younger age and lower achieved were having this problem. Nocturnal enuresis was significantly higher for children in families with significant financial worries and in children from homes where parents were separated. Children with DSM III-R anxiety disorders, mainly simple phobia, or disruptive behaviour disorders were found to have significantly higher rate of enuresis ( Menelik Desta, 2007). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2007 at Iran to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and determine associated factors revealed the prevalence of 6.8% among 7562 children. A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational status of parents, number of family enuresis, parenting methods, and deep sleep. Prevalence of urinary tract pathology was 2.9% in enuretic children (Mohammed .R. Safarinejad, 2007). A descriptive study was conducted in India to establish the prevalence of enuresis in school children and to determine contributing factor . Parents of 1473 children aged between 6-10 years were surveyed. The overall prevalence of enuresis was 7.61%. Enuresis was more commonly seen in boys. A positive family history of enuresis was seen in 28.57% children; 14.29% of the children had daytime wetting as well. Only 24.11% of the parents had taken their child to a doctor for the treatment. Family problems,stressors, birth history and lower socioeconomic status were present in the children with enuresis. Poor scholastic performance was also an important factor in this group (Avinash De Sousa, Hema Kapoor, Jyoti Jagtap, Mercilina Sen, 2007). A randomly selected cross-sectional study was conducted from elementary schools in Changhua County, Taiwan, to investigate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among children and to evaluate its associated factors and severity. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 6.8%. The ratio of male to female was about 1.5. The prevalence of enuresis according to age group declined from 12.5% at 6 years to 2.0% at 12 years. The prevalence of enuresis in the urban area did not show significant difference from that of rural area .The factors associated with enuresis were gender, age, urinary frequency or urgency, heredity,habit of drinking before sleep and difficulty in waking. They showed significant difference after multiple logistic regression analysis (HuiLung Tai, et al., 2006). A case control study consisted of 55 children with nocturnal enuresis from a continence centre and 117 matched controls from a general paediatric practice revealed that breastfeeding protects against the development of bedwetting. Bed-wetting was strongly associated with family history. Approximately 45% of children wet the bed if one parent was enuretic and 75% wet the bed if both parents were enuretic. Twenty-one parents (38%) in the study group and 6 parents (5%) in the control group were enuretic as children (Barone, et al., 2006). An epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and to examine the prevalence of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in preadolescent schoolchildren. It was conducted in 6917 school children belonging to 11 primary schools that were randomly enrolled in the survey. They assessed the relationship of nocturnal enuresis with voiding habits, episodes of cystitis and constipation. They found the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis to be 5.9% and inversely related to increasing age. Nocturnal enuresis and overactive bladder were detected in 5.9% and 17.8% of preadolescent and schoolchildren respectively (Kajiwara, et al.,2006). A community survey of enuresis was carried out in 2002 among 300 apparently healthy children aged 5-16 years in Edo State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining the true prevalence of the disease and the contributions of organic causative factors. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 21.3%. Of the 64 children who were enuretic, 58 (91%) had only nocturnal enuresis.. Combined daytime and night time enuresis accounted for only six (9.4%) cases. Ninety-four percent of cases of enuresis were having primary nocturnal enuresis and only six were having secondary nocturnal enuresis. Prevalence of enuresis decreases significantly with increasing age .There was a strong association between enuresis and family history of bed wetting. Enuresis was more commonly seen in males, in children from families of poor socio-economic status, among first child in the family, and childrenwith asymptomatic bacteriuria (Iduoriyekemwen,N.J.,2006). A cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis among 13971 children at 7.5 years old, revealed that 1260 children (15.5%) at 7.5 years wet the bed, but most wet once or less a week. A higher prevalence was reported in boys than girls . 266 children had both daytime wetting and bedwetting, with 189 (2.3%) having both daytime soiling and bedwetting. Daytime urgency of urination increased with severity of bedwetting and occurred in 28.9% of children with nocturnal enuresis (Richard .J. Butler, Jean Golding, Kate Northstone, 2005). A cross sectional population based study was conducted in Turkey to establish the prevalence of enuresis among school children and determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. Among 1576 schoolchildren aged between 6-16 years, the overall prevalence of enuresis was 12.4% and a significant relationship was found between the prevalence of enuresis and age, educational level of father, the familys monthly income, and number of family members. Mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis was found to be more common in boys. Both maternal and paternal low educational status were found to be associated with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. It was found to be more common in the children of unemployed mothers. Nocturnal enuresis was found to be more associated with large families (Gur, E. et al., 2004). Community survey of a stratified sample of 400 children in the age group of 6-12 years in United Arab Emirates to determine the prevalence, associated socio demographic variables and associated psychopathology in children with enuresis was found out that nocturnal enuresis was associated with psychosocial stress in the family and positive family history( Eapen ,V., 2003). A randomised controlled trial was done to study self image of children with nocturnal enuresis. 50 sample in the age group of 8-12 years were included. It was found out that children with nocturnal enuresis had low self esteem than others (Theunis,et al.,2002). 2.2 Management of Nocturnal Enuresis: A randomised prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of different modes of combined therapy in children with mono symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. One group was treated with primary Desmopressin and another group was treated with primary alarm treatment that was combined with Desmopressin after 3 months. 22(73%) children were dry after combined treatment, consisting of 12boys and 10girls. Combined therapy proved effective in children with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis after 6 months (Vogt, M., 2010). A cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of alarm treatment in a sample of 84 Brazilian children and adolescents with nocturnal enuresis. During 32 weeks, they were received alarm treatment together with weekly psychological support sessions for individual families or groups of 5 to 10 families. 71% of the participants achieved success, by 14 consecutive dry nights. The result was same as that for children and adolescents and for individual or group support (Pereira, R.F., 2010). A descriptive study was designed to evaluate the success rates of the enuretic alarm device in patients (6-16 years) with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis in Ankara, Turkey. 40 patients who had significant mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (three or more wet nights per week) were included in the study. They initially used an enuretic alarm for 12 weeks initially. 27 patients became dry at night at the end of three months (Ozgur, B.C., 2009). A randomised control trial conducted in Netherland to assess the short- and long-term effects of simple behavioural interventions for nocturnal enuresis in young children note that nocturnal enuresis occurs in up to 10% of 10-year-old children and that boys have higher rates of enuresis at older ages than do girls. This study compared the relative effectiveness of 3 treatments with a control group. Parents completed diaries detailing night enuresis episodes for up to 6 months after enrolment. The study enrolled 570 participants and 140 to 147 children were there in each of the 4 groups. Sixty percent of the children were male. Success rates at least 14 nights dry in a row at 6 months after enrolment were 21% in the control group, 27% in the lifting with password group, 37% in the lifting without password group, and 32% in the star chart/reward group (Van Dommelen, P., 2009). A prospective study was done to evaluate the long-term success of the enuretic alarm device in patients with mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis in Turkey. Sixty-two children who had significant mono symptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis were included in this study. They used an alarm for 3 months. 15 of the patients did not have benefit from the enuretic alarm. 47 patients benefited from the enuretic alarm. Thirty-one of the 62 patients underwent combination treatment (enuretic alarm plus medical therapy) for unsuccessful enuretic alarm treatment. The full response rate for combination therapy was 16.1%. (Tuncel A, et al., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was conducted to compare alarm interventions with no specific treatment, behavioural interventions, drugs or other treatment for treatment of non-organic nocturnal enuresis in children less than 16 years found that alarms reduced nocturnal enuresis and treatment failure (Glazener, C. M., 2008). A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 423 children in the age group of 6-12 years to evaluate the combination of enuresis alarm and desmopressin in treating children with enuresis found out that 74% of children treated only with alarm became dry and 26% of children being cured by combination of desmopressin and alarm (Kamperis, K., 2008). A randomised controlled trial was done in Turkey to evaluate the effectiveness of short term desmopressin to enuritic alarm. 58 children were included in the study. The results showed that addition of short term desmopressin to alarm therapy was more effective only in the treatment time, but it did not change the response to alarm therapy in long term (Aktas, B. K., 2008). A study was conducted to determine the effect and predictive factors of relapse 1 year after combination therapy of an enuresis alarm, bladder training therapy, motivational therapy and retention control training for nocturnal enuresis. It was done in 77 children at Gasthuisberg. Gender, age, sleep arousal, family-history, bladder capacity, overactive bladder, night-time polyuria, duration of treatment, and psychosocial factors were investigated. The relapse rate during the whole year was 50%, with 33.8% of subjects being dry and 16.2% sometimes wet. The relapse rate after 1 year was 16%. The relapse rate during the treatment year was high, but the relapse rate after 1 year was low.It was found out that psychosocial problems and overactive bladder were the only 2 predictive factors for relapse (Van Kampen M, et al., 2004). A retrospective study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of behavioural therapy for primary nocturnal enuresis.250 children in the age group of 5-17 years were selected for the study it was found out that behavioral therapy is effective than desmopressin (Marcopennes, et al., 2004). In a case-based study, on a 6 year 6 month old child with complaints of bedwetting twice a week, a complete physical examination and history collection was performed. Child was treated with motivational therapy and was recommended parents of the child to be supportive of the patients dry nights avoid criticism of wet nights, avoid excessive fluid intake 2 hours before bedtime and emptying his bladder at bedtime. After 1 month it was found that bedwetting problem had improved significantly (Paredes, 2002). A controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the practicability and efficacy of treating enuretic children in residential Childrens Homes by using enuresis alarm. An experimental design was employed with 19 and 20 subjects in the treatment and control groups respectively. Eighteen of the nineteen treatment group children achieved initial arrest of enuresis in a mean of 11.9 weeks of treatment (range 5-28 weeks). After a follow-up period of 20 months, 17, out of the 19 children were known to be dry. It was concluded that alarm treatment was effective and practicable in Childrens Homes as in family situations (Jehu, D., 2002). A randomised controlled trial was conducted at Canada to determine the self concept and behaviour change after 6 months of treatment with conditioning alarm. 182 children of age more than 7 years were included and it was found that there is improvement in the childrens self concept after alarm treatment (Longstaff, S., 2000). A randomised prospective study was done in France to compare the effectiveness of desmopressin and alarm treatment. 135 children were included in the study from the age group of 6-16 years. The study results showed that desmopressin was effective only for short term and enuresis alarm was effective for long term (Faraj, G. et al., 1999) A study conducted to find out the effectiveness of star charts among127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic. The average age of the children who were included in the study was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis, which was already unsuccessfully treated. Of the 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining 96 children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. Failure to achieve dryness for six months was strongly associated with psychiatric disorders of the children, family stress, and the absence of concern by child and parents (Hanafin, 1998). An experimental study was conducted in United Kingdom to assess the efficacy of alarm mono therapy with combination of alarm and desmopressin. 35 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included in the study. Study showed that children receiving combination therapy had more dry nights per week (Bradburry, M., 1997). A retrospective study among 541 children at childrens Hospital of Florence University revealed that motivational therapy is effective. All the patients have been initially helped only with motivational counseling and 76 among them became dry at nights permanently . The remaining 250 children were treated with the conditioning alarm system, always associated with motivation, urine control exercises and other psychological support like token economy. After a follow-up of 6 months of this kind of treatment ,permanent recovery were there in 211 children (84%).No significant difference was noted in relation to sex. These positive results for the conditioning devices shows that the etiology of primary enuresis is mainly biologic. The bell alarm treatment is the most effective treatment for nocturnal enuresis (Bartolozzi, G., 1991). A study conducted to identify family factors, and with emotional stress factors related to nocturnal enuresis, 127 children who were referred to an enuresis clinic in Sydney were studied. The average age of the children was 8.8 years old. Most of them had severe enuresis and had been already treated unsuccessfully. One-third of the childrens fathers and 70 percent of mothers were unemployed. 41 % of parents acknowledged environmental stresses such as financial or marital disharmony , or serious illness or death in the family.Out of 127 children, 22 became dry when star charts were used to reward their behaviour. Eighty-one of the remaining children had an initial success of 42 consecutive dry nights. The study suggests that the high success rate in these children is related to close supervision by clinical personnel, encouragement by the family, and by giving the child almost complete responsibility for continuing the program. The study suggests that careful identification of associa ted factors like medical illness, familial stress, and other problems such as housing must be addressed as part of an effective enuresis program (Devlin, J.B., 1990).

Essay --

After the Civil War conditions were bad for both Southern blacks and Southern whites. There were 4 million black men and women emerging from bondage. They began forming all black communities, freeing themselves from white control. But in 1865, Southern state legislatures began enacting sets of laws called Black Codes. These laws authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy and hire them out to private employers to satisfy their fine. Some codes allowed blacks to only take jobs as plantation workers or servants. The South found a way to go back to slavery without breaking the new laws. In 1866, Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act, which declared blacks as citizens of the United States which allowed the federal government to intervene in state affairs when necessary to protect the rights of the citizens. Then in June of 1866, Congress approved the 14th Amendment which states that everyone born in the United States, and everyone naturalized was automatically a citizen and entitled to equal protection by both state and national government. Even though slavery was abolished and blacks were, at least by law, free and considered equal, they still did not have the same rights and opportunities as white people. In February of 1869, Congress passed the 15th Amendment. The Amendment attempts to ensure black voting rights by stipulating that voting rights cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude. But yet it did nothing to allow the Southern whites to prevent blacks from voting. Since blacks were not educated and did not own property or have the money to pay poll taxes it made it almost impossible for blacks to vote. There was a dramatic improvement in south... ...freedom was granted to the slaves, they were no longer property and therefore no longer worth anything to the former slave owners. In every which way the South tried to get back to the ways of slavery. Blacks also faced the dark problem of hate crimes and white supremacy. Blacks never actually gained their freedom for years to come. Freedom is the lack of restrictions, but blacks were still being told what they can and cannot do or where they can and cannot go. The law stated that blacks were allowed to vote but made it almost impossible for them to actually do so. The blacks were given land then had it taken away from them when the whites who abandoned that land came back to claim it. It was a struggle for a former slave to begin an actual life for them or their families. Blacks were not given the opportunities and the chance at the new life that they were promised. Essay -- After the Civil War conditions were bad for both Southern blacks and Southern whites. There were 4 million black men and women emerging from bondage. They began forming all black communities, freeing themselves from white control. But in 1865, Southern state legislatures began enacting sets of laws called Black Codes. These laws authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy and hire them out to private employers to satisfy their fine. Some codes allowed blacks to only take jobs as plantation workers or servants. The South found a way to go back to slavery without breaking the new laws. In 1866, Congress passed the first Civil Rights Act, which declared blacks as citizens of the United States which allowed the federal government to intervene in state affairs when necessary to protect the rights of the citizens. Then in June of 1866, Congress approved the 14th Amendment which states that everyone born in the United States, and everyone naturalized was automatically a citizen and entitled to equal protection by both state and national government. Even though slavery was abolished and blacks were, at least by law, free and considered equal, they still did not have the same rights and opportunities as white people. In February of 1869, Congress passed the 15th Amendment. The Amendment attempts to ensure black voting rights by stipulating that voting rights cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude. But yet it did nothing to allow the Southern whites to prevent blacks from voting. Since blacks were not educated and did not own property or have the money to pay poll taxes it made it almost impossible for blacks to vote. There was a dramatic improvement in south... ...freedom was granted to the slaves, they were no longer property and therefore no longer worth anything to the former slave owners. In every which way the South tried to get back to the ways of slavery. Blacks also faced the dark problem of hate crimes and white supremacy. Blacks never actually gained their freedom for years to come. Freedom is the lack of restrictions, but blacks were still being told what they can and cannot do or where they can and cannot go. The law stated that blacks were allowed to vote but made it almost impossible for them to actually do so. The blacks were given land then had it taken away from them when the whites who abandoned that land came back to claim it. It was a struggle for a former slave to begin an actual life for them or their families. Blacks were not given the opportunities and the chance at the new life that they were promised.

Touching the Void

From Touching he Void Backgraund Joe Simpson's book â€Å"Touching the Void† was publised in 1998; translated into 23 languages and achieved sales of 500,000 across all editions. When Joe Simpson and his friend Simon Yates decided to go climbing in Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes, he wouldn't imagine he would caught up in the most spectacular survival story. Fallen into a crevasse after Yates cuts the rope during an accident he was left for dead, but his will to survive was stronger than the odds. Main Characters Joe Simpson – mountaineer/first climber-optimistic, Joe falls, breaking his leg and heel when he impacts the bottom then Simon cut the rope which Joe was hanging asuming that Joe will die. Simon Yates – mountaineer /climber – 21-ear-old, was faced with the first of two terrible decisions: should he abandon his friend – whom they both knew was as good as dead – or try to get him down the mountain? Yates chose the second option. Plot In the mid-80's two young climbers attempted to reach the summit of Siula Grande in Peru; a feat that had previously been attempted but never achieved. With an extra man looking after base camp, Simon and Joe set off to scale the mount in one long push over several days. The peak is reached, however on the descent Joe falls and breaks his leg. Despite what it means, the two continue with Simon letting Joe out on a rope for 300 meters, then descending to join him and so on. However when Joe goes out over an overhang with no way of climbing back up, Simon makes the decision to cut the rope. Joe falls into a crevice and Simon, assuming him dead, continues back down. Joe however survives the fall and was lucky to hit a ledge in the crevice. This is the story of how he got back down. A man was on a 21,000-foot peak in the Andes Mountains where a fall broke his leg severely. Joe Simpson and his friend, Simon Yates were experienced mountain climbers but were not prepared for this grueling disaster in the hours that followed Joe's fall. Surviving in sub zero temperatures, treacherous icy cliffs and a severe injury left Joe helpless while his climbing partner, Simon had to make difficult decisions for both of their survivals. Simon decided to painfully lower injured Joe slowly with ropes in the blinding snow and used tugs on the ropes as their communications. A few hours went by as the climbing team tried in vein to avoid deep crevices and avalanches while the roaring wind and no visibility made the situation much worse. Simon felt no life on the other side of the rope for quite some time before he decided to cut his end, assuming his friend Joe had died from the descending attempts. The story progresses into unbelievable human emotion as Simon expresses the guilt he felt of not being able to save his friend and cutting the rope for his own survival as he makes the daring descend down to base camp to tell the sad news to others. Meanwhile, Joe was not dead at all but seriously injured and crawled and slid down the mountain with no water or food for two days in blizzard conditions. Simon was packing up Joe's belongings and getting ready to leave camp to tell Joe's family the horrible news when all of a sudden he heard a howling wolf. The howling was coming from Joe unbeknownst to Simon until he decided to go investigate and was flabbergasted to see his injured friend a few miles from base camp. Pharagraph by pharagraph

Dramatically effective Essays

Dramatically effective Essays Dramatically effective Essay Dramatically effective Essay Arthur Miller was born on October 17th, 1915. He is the playwright of A View From The Bridge. He grew up in the city of New York and his parents are immigrants to the United States. These have inspired the play, which is set in New York City. A View From The Bridge has its roots in the late 1940s when Arthur Miller became interested in the lives of communities of dockworkers and longshoremen of New Yorks Brooklyn harbour and where he had previously worked. In the opening stage directions Miller sets the play in Red Hook which is a slum area of New York that faces on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridge. The play is mainly set in the Carbones living and dining rooms where most of the action arises. I have decided to write about the final scene from the play. There are a number of the main and key characters in this scene mainly because it is the concluding scene. Alfieri a lawyer, he is a middle class man with a strong American English accent. This character appears at the beginning of a scene where he sets it and end of a scene where he usually summarises it, including a moral. The Carbones consist of Eddie, Beatrice who is Eddys wife and Catherine who is their niece. Eddie Carbone is an Italian longshoreman who originally was an immigrant from Italy. He works on the New York docks and fundamentally is a simple, straightforward man who supported his family in good faith. He is also seen as a humorous and kind man. Catherine suffers with her growing maturity of Eddys over protectiveness over her. Eddy was also portrayed as generous and brave kind of person when illegally allowing the arrival of Beatrices cousins to their household. Beatrices two cousins Rodolfo and Marco were immigrants from America looking for a better life in the land of opportunity. Eddies over protectiveness of Catherine takes a bad turn when it catches the eye of Rodolfo. After the physical and sexual part of the Carbones marriage breaks down, Beatrice begins to suspect Eddys attraction towards Catherine. Rodolfo is the younger of the two brothers and has no such responsibilities. He has a more frivolous, light-hearted attitude to life. Marco is the older, stronger who came to America to earn money to support his starving wife and children in Italy. Marco tends to be the maturer personality of the two. Here is the stage set. As you can see the main acting area is in the living/dining room. This area is the largest of the rooms on show. The bedroom and kitchen are situated at the back of the set and are not visible as interiors to the audience. In the play they provide the backstage when characters have to exit. At the right front stage there is Mr. Alfieris office which has a bookshelf, desk and chair. The living room/dining room has a table in the middle of the room with three chairs leaving a space at front stage side for the audience to see also a rocker and a phonograph. There Is a street out side the apartment where some key scenes take place. On this street there is a phone box. The accents would be a key part of how the play works. The play being set in New York would have Beatrice, Eddie, Catherine and Alfieri talking in a typical American accent with a tinge of Italian. This is because of their Italian origins. Marco and Rodolfo would have Italian accents. Rodolfo would know only the basics of English. Marco would know a fair bit more than his brother would, with English because of being older. This scene has a lot of tension built up from the penultimate scene. The scene opens with Eddie on the rocking chair in little surges with a nervous attitude. The light is focused on him leaving the rest of the room dimmed. Beatrice emerges from the bedroom in her best dress and a hat. Beatrice walks up to Eddie with fear Ill be back in about an hour, Eddie, All right? she says. The audience recognises the dramatic tension here as Eddies rocking becomes more intense. Quietly and drained as though he had given up hope Eddies replies with What, have I been talkin to my self. Again the audience see tension between Eddies and Beatrices relationship. He is not letting Catherine go to her wedding or Beatrice. The audience knows that he is over protective of her and that he has more intense feelings for her, this is the ulterior motive Eddie has. The dramatic tension keeps on rising as Catherine walks in to the room and realises what the scenario is. She starts to express her anger in a way not shown in the play previously when she says Who do you think you are to Eddie. This anger is aimed at Eddie for not allowing her goes to her wedding, also here Beatrice is not sticking her up for as what previously happened. Catherine hurls abuse with some reasoning to Eddie This rat, in reply to this Beatrice switches sides Dont You call him that. As tension seems to reach its peak in the Carbone household terms are made worse with Rodolfo entering the scene who is the groom of Catherine. Eddys instant reactions are furious Who said you could come in here? Get out. The tension increases as Rodolfo says Marco is coming. This makes Beatrice attempt to usher Eddie out of the house but this attempt collapses as Marco enters the room. There is a grudge between Eddie and Marco because Marco accused him of killing his children to the two officers in the previous scene Eddie wants revenge. The dramatic tension continues Eddie accuses Marco of his doings in front of the group. This makes the two men more and more eager to fight each other Tell the people Marco. Now the two men are squaring up to one another with each others arms wide out. Here the audience realise a battle will be fought and have an idea of who they think and want to win. Marco lunges at Eddys neck with a punch. Eddie goes down on the floor. Marco provokes Eddie with saying Animal, You go on your knees to me. Marco raises his foot as though to stomp Eddie when Eddie springs a knife in to his hand, Marco takes a step back. By now the audience are sensing the one to live and the one to die. The tension is unbearable as Eddie stands You lied about me, Marco. Now say it, come on now say it. Marco replies with Anima-a-al. The audience are experiencing dramatic tension at its highest at this point. Eddie lunges with the knife at Marco. Marco holds the arm in with the knife is held. Marco turns the direction of the knife inward and pushes it in to the chest of Eddie Carbone as the women cry out. A lot of emotion is sensed at this point as Catherine apologises Eddie, I never meant to do nothing bad to you. At this point Eddie begins to reply to Catherine but then turns his attention towards his wife Beatrice Then why-oh B. The oh B is pronounced in a sigh as if to say what a waste of my life and this was not worth it do die for the petty reason of competition. Eddys last words are My B! Eddie dies in her arms, and Beatrice covers him with her body. The audience is at this moment relieved for the end of such prolonged tension but sad to hear Eddys regret that his time spent in his recent life was concentrated on Catherine rather than his one love and wife Beatrice. The play comes to a climax with Alfieris final speech in which he confesses his support of how Eddie live his life truly but then says that this way of life can be dangerous with bad consequences as show in this play.

The Life of Masaccio (Art History) essays

The Life of Masaccio (Art History) essays ...It was Masaccio, the youngest of all painters who were young before during and after him who, in his few youthful years, worked the miracle of awakening in painting, breathing life into it at last real and earthy, an urgency it had never had before. Libero de Liberi. Masaccio, originally named Tommaso Giovanni di Mone, was born in San Giovanni Valdarno, near Florence on December 21,1401 and died in Rome in 1428. He was the first great painter of the Italian Renaissance, whose innovations in the use of scientific perspective introduced the modern style in painting. Masaccio joined the Florentine painters guild in 1422.His remarkably individual style was unique and owed little to other painters, although Giotto influenced him along with the stronger influences of the architect Brunelleschi, and the sculptor Donatello, who were both his contemporaries in Florence. From Brunelleschi Masaccio acquired the knowledge of mathematical proportion that was necessary to his revival of the principals of scientific perspective which is evident in one of his most acclaimed frescoes The Trinity which is housed in the Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Masaccio painted The Trinity or The Holy Trinity as it is also known, around 1427 and it is the perfect example of how he mastered the art of mathematical proportion in relation to scientific perspective because of how the chamber stands behind the scene of Jesus being crucified. The chamber turns the background into a continuation of the real world because it looks so realistic. Masaccios use of scientific perspective is projected so accurately in terms of perspective principles[Hartt, F.Pg 206], that when it was first done, Brunelleschi was held responsible for the actual painting which shows us what a powerful influence he had on Masaccio. Masaccios use of foreshortening on the rosettes on the ceiling, which were made to ...

Expository Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expository Writing - Assignment Example According to research conducted, students taking such a short intensive course are better equipped to handle the work at hand because they get first hand concentration and attention by the teachers and instructors and thus are able to recall their work as well as revise and learn better. â€Å"Concentrating classroom time in the intensive course enhances group cohesion, showing a significantly higher degree of group-building communication by peers in relation to group-building communication by the teacher than in the standard format course.† (Takeda, H) However, at the same time, disadvantages like less retention of information over a long period of time have been shown with students pursuing such intensive courses. Furthermore, there is a great amount of pressure on the student as well as the instructor in order to complete the syllabus on time. Thus, in order to counter such pressure, a number of tips have also been provided within the article which has proven to be quite ha ndy, like creating a classroom rapport and having the students focus on a single class rather than taking too many subjects at once. As per popularity, the use of such a short intensive will continue into the future and tips like grading quickly, assessing teachers, and following drop date approaches all help to get the studying done in an exceptional manner for the students. Assignment 2: The topic for research for the second assignment is â€Å"Leadership.† This topic will help me to write and understand articles on the basis of how leadership plays a vital role in any business organization and how it helps greatly in achieving the organisational goals. With the help of articles on the basis of motivation, skill and perseverance, leadership can be understood as the key tool in the formation and running of any company or firm. Various sources ranging from published works by renowned companies as well as historical texts written on how leadership was used in various ways to m otivate and instil a sense of affiliation as well as pride within the people working under or serving great leaders. Assignment 3: RESEARCH TOPIC: LEADERSHIP Source Definitions/ key terms Focus of study (subjects, participants, type of college, purpose of study) Methodology Findings Personal reflections Seltzer, J. (1990). Transformational Leadership: Beyond Initiation and Consideration.  Journal of Management,  16(4) Leadership, management The main focus of study within this article was to find information regarding transformational leadership and how the same has helped in understanding leadership effectiveness and satisfaction in variants of subordinates. The research that was gathered used analysis using subordinates and statistics to find out information regarding transformational leadership. This article has made use of leader ratings by one subordinate and outcome ratings by a second subordinate, largely confirms the augmentation effect that has been talked about within t he article with the help of leadership attributes. There was disconfirmation for the effect on reported extra effort, suggesting that the relation of transformational leadership to subordinate's extra effort is a dyadic rather than a group effect. This article was

International Trading and Financial Systems Essay

International Trading and Financial Systems - Essay Example presence in the UK. In 1998, it became the first British retailer to reach a pre-tax profit of over one billion pounds. After peaking in 1997-98, a slump in profits began to take place around 1999 which started while Sir Richard Greenbury was the Chairman. Profit margins were pushed to untenable levels and customer loyalty was seriously eroded. In an increasingly competitive and more globally outsourced retail business, the aging and bureaucratic Marks and Spencer which had based its image on being a traditional British retailer, was no longer able to compete with its business rivals. There was a belated switch to overseas suppliers as rival retailers increasingly imported their goods from low cost countries. This undermined a core part of its appeal to the British public. Its refusal to accept credit cards in its stores apart from the company's own charge card played a part in falling profits. It failed to analyze the market needs of the younger customer and cater to a more diverse section of the public. As a result of these shortsighted policies, its profits fell from 1 billion pounds to 145 million pounds by 31st March 2001. The share price fell by more than two-thirds. In 2004, the Arcadia Group tried to take over Marks and Spencer (Wikipedia 2008). A major corporate restructuring plan was announced on 29th March, 2001. This included a total focus on UK retail, expansion of home, food and beauty products, recovery plan for clothing, modernization of stores, improving pricing for value and longer store hours. Financial measures were implemented to bring about sustained growth and enhanced profitability in the company's future. These included renting store space instead of owning the property in the sale and... This paper analyzes the general economic factors that affect the market from which finance will be drawn also need to be considered. There has been an increased trend among economists to favour a finance system based model of macroeconomics.A strong financial system leads to overall growth of the economy, via domestic markets as well as international. Governments should have an effective monetary policy regarding exchange rates which affect international trade, as well as judicious policies regarding interest rates, taxation and the budget which will affect the investment and credit activities of banks and corporates. These will in turn affect the primary and secondary financial markets from which finance is being drawn. The government needs to monitor the economy, not through excessive deregulation or liberalization, but by exercising caution and some restraint, if needed. International capital flows via multinationals and foreign direct investment will benefit the international market. Short term loans and capital flows should not be used as a trade-off for long term financing which will bring about a stronger economy in the long run. It concluded that The UK Government can also educate the individual consumer about personal and public finance issues, thereby producing more financially capable individuals who can then play a more informed role in the financial future of the UK.